Referências Científicas
A base científica por trás do conteúdo sobre estilos de apego
Todo o conteúdo deste site é fundamentado em décadas de pesquisa científica revisada por pares. Desde os trabalhos pioneiros de John Bowlby nos anos 1950 até estudos contemporâneos publicados em periódicos como o NIH PubMed Central e Frontiers in Psychology.
Abaixo você encontra as principais referências organizadas por categoria, formatadas conforme o padrão ABNT (NBR 6023). Os links externos levam às fontes originais.
Fundamentos Teóricos (Base para Todos os Estilos)
- AINSWORTH, Mary D. Salter et al. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 1: attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 2: separation: anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 3: loss: sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books, 1980.
- CLEVELAND CLINIC. Attachment styles: causes, what they mean. Cleveland, 2024. Disponível em: <https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/25170-attachment-styles>
- DALBEM, Juliana Xavier; DELL'AGLIO, Débora Dalbosco. Teoria do apego: bases conceituais e desenvolvimento dos modelos internos de funcionamento. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, Rio de Janeiro, v. 57, n. 1, p. 12-24, 2005. Disponível em: <https://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/arbp/v57n1/v57n1a03.pdf>
- HAZAN, Cindy; SHAVER, Phillip R. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, v. 52, n. 3, p. 511-524, 1987. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511. Disponível em: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3572722/>
- LEVINE, Amir; HELLER, Rachel S. F. Attached: the new science of adult attachment and how it can help you find—and keep—love. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2010.
- MIKULINCER, Mario; SHAVER, Phillip R. Attachment theory, individual psychodynamics, and relationship functioning. In: VANGELISTI, Anita L.; PERLMAN, Daniel (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 251-271. Disponível em: <https://adultattachment.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/66/2015/09/Shaver_2006_Attachment-theory-individual-psychodynamics-and-relationship-functioning.pdf>
- PAIVA, Carla Alexandra; FIGUEIREDO, Bárbara. Study of validation of the Portuguese version of the inventory «Experiences in Close Relationships». Interpersona, Zurique, v. 4, n. 2, p. 237-270, 2010. DOI: 10.5964/ijpr.v4i2.51. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v4i2.51>
- TATKIN, Stan. Wired for love: how understanding your partner's brain and attachment style can help you defuse conflict and build a secure relationship. Oakland: New Harbinger, 2011.
Apego Ansioso
- AINSWORTH, Mary D. Salter et al. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 1: attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 2: separation: anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
- CLEVELAND CLINIC. Attachment styles: causes, what they mean. Cleveland, 2024. Disponível em: <https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/25170-attachment-styles>
- GENESSE, Daphnée et al. Being me while loving you: the role of autonomy in the association between insecure attachment and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, Hoboken, v. 51, n. 4, e70079, 2025. DOI: 10.1111/jmft.70079. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12481234/>
- GREATER GOOD SCIENCE CENTER. How to heal anxious attachment by prioritizing your own needs. Greater Good Magazine, Berkeley: University of California, 2023. Disponível em: <https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/how_to_heal_anxious_attachment_by_prioritizing_your_own_needs>
- KARANTZAS, Gery C. et al. Autonomy–connection tensions, stress, and attachment: the case of COVID-19. Current Psychology, New York, v. 42, p. 16214-16228, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02899-1. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8881097/>
- LEVINE, Amir; HELLER, Rachel S. F. Attached: the new science of adult attachment and how it can help you find—and keep—love. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2010.
- LOUIS, John Philip; LOCKWOOD, George; LOUIS, Karen McDonald. A model of core emotional needs and toxic experiences: their links with schema domains, well-being, and ill-being. Behavioral Sciences, Basel, v. 14, n. 6, p. 443, 2024. DOI: 10.3390/bs14060443. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11200969/>
- POWERS, Sally I. et al. Spouses' attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, v. 90, n. 6, p. 953-969, 2006. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.953. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4076153/>
- SANTONA, Alessandra et al. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 15, p. 1385629, 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385629. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11056069/>
- TATKIN, Stan. Wired for love: how understanding your partner's brain and attachment style can help you defuse conflict and build a secure relationship. Oakland: New Harbinger, 2011.
- YOUNG, Jeffrey E.; KLOSKO, Janet S.; WEISHAAR, Marjorie E. Schema therapy: a practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.
- ZIMMERMAN, Mark. Transtorno de personalidade dependente. MSD Manual Versão Saúde para a Família, Kenilworth, 2023. Disponível em: <https://www.msdmanuals.com/pt/casa/distúrbios-de-saúde-mental/transtornos-de-personalidade/transtorno-de-personalidade-dependente>
Apego Evitativo
- AINSWORTH, Mary D. Salter et al. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 1: attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 2: separation: anxiety and anger. New York: Basic Books, 1973.
- CLEVELAND CLINIC. Attachment styles: causes, what they mean. Cleveland, 2024. Disponível em: <https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/25170-attachment-styles>
- KARANTZAS, Gery C. et al. Autonomy–connection tensions, stress, and attachment: the case of COVID-19. Current Psychology, New York, v. 42, p. 16214-16228, 2023. DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-02899-1. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8881097/>
- LEVINE, Amir; HELLER, Rachel S. F. Attached: the new science of adult attachment and how it can help you find—and keep—love. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2010.
- POWERS, Sally I. et al. Spouses' attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, v. 90, n. 6, p. 953-969, 2006. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.953. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4076153/>
- SANTONA, Alessandra et al. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 15, p. 1385629, 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385629. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11056069/>
- STEELE, Howard et al. Attachment styles, social behavior and personality functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, Amsterdam, v. 146, p. 162-169, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.001. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6519050/>
- TATKIN, Stan. Wired for love: how understanding your partner's brain and attachment style can help you defuse conflict and build a secure relationship. Oakland: New Harbinger, 2011.
Apego Temeroso (Desorganizado)
- AINSWORTH, Mary D. Salter et al. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 1: attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 3: loss: sadness and depression. New York: Basic Books, 1980.
- CLEVELAND CLINIC. Attachment styles: causes, what they mean. Cleveland, 2024. Disponível em: <https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/25170-attachment-styles>
- DI CARO, Alessandro Vito et al. Textures of personality: the role of attachment insecurities and defense mechanisms in maladaptive personality functioning. Behavioral Sciences, Basel, v. 15, n. 9, p. 1154, 2025. DOI: 10.3390/bs15091154. Disponível em: <https://www.mdpi.com/2076-328X/15/9/1154>
- INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED THERAPY (ICEEFT). [Site institucional]. Ottawa, [2024]. Disponível em: <https://iceeft.com/>
- JOHNSON, Sue. Hold me tight: seven conversations for a lifetime of love. New York: Little, Brown, 2008.
- LAHOUSEN, Theresa; UNTERRAINER, Human Friedrich; KAPFHAMMER, Hans-Peter. Psychobiology of attachment and trauma: some general remarks from a clinical perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Lausanne, v. 10, p. 914, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6920243/>
- LEVINE, Amir; HELLER, Rachel S. F. Attached: the new science of adult attachment and how it can help you find—and keep—love. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2010.
- LEVINE, Peter A.; FREDERICK, Ann. Waking the tiger: healing trauma: the innate capacity to transform overwhelming experiences. Berkeley: North Atlantic Books, 1997.
- MAIN, Mary; SOLOMON, Judith. Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In: BRAZELTON, T. Berry; YOGMAN, Michael W. (ed.). Affective development in infancy. Norwood: Ablex, 1986. p. 95-124. Disponível em: <https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1986-97821-005>
- MAYO CLINIC. Somatic symptom disorder: symptoms and causes. Rochester, 2024. Disponível em: <https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/somatic-symptom-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20377776>
- PAYNE, Helen; BROOKS, Susan D. Medically unexplained symptoms and attachment theory: the BodyMind Approach. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 10, p. 1818, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01818. Disponível em: <https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/psychology/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01818/full>
- PORGES, Stephen W. The polyvagal theory: neurophysiological foundations of emotions, attachment, communication, and self-regulation. New York: W. W. Norton, 2011.
- SANTONA, Alessandra et al. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 15, p. 1385629, 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385629. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11056069/>
- ŞAR, Vedat. Parallel-distinct structures of internal world and external reality: disavowing and re-claiming the self-identity in the aftermath of trauma-generated dissociation. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 8, p. 216, 2017. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00216. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5313499/>
- SHAPIRO, Francine. Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy: basic principles, protocols, and procedures. 3. ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2018.
- SIEGEL, Daniel J. The developing mind: how relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are. 3. ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2020.
- TATKIN, Stan. Wired for love: how understanding your partner's brain and attachment style can help you defuse conflict and build a secure relationship. Oakland: New Harbinger, 2011.
- VAN DER KOLK, Bessel. The body keeps the score: brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. New York: Viking, 2014.
- YOUNG, Jeffrey E.; KLOSKO, Janet S.; WEISHAAR, Marjorie E. Schema therapy: a practitioner's guide. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.
Apego Seguro
- AINSWORTH, Mary D. Salter et al. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.
- BEIJERSBERGEN, Mirjam D. The adult attachment interview: coherence & validation in adolescents. 2008. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Universiteit Leiden, Leiden, 2008. Disponível em: <https://scholarlypublications.universiteitleiden.nl/handle/1887/12691>
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 1: attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
- CLEVELAND CLINIC. Attachment styles: causes, what they mean. Cleveland, 2024. Disponível em: <https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/25170-attachment-styles>
- DALE, Lisa. How an early caregiving style affects adult romantic love. Reinvention, Coventry: University of Warwick, v. 6, n. 1, 2013. Disponível em: <https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/cross_fac/iatl/research/reinvention/archive/volume6issue1/dale/>
- GOTTMAN, John M.; SILVER, Nan. The seven principles for making marriage work. New York: Crown, 1999.
- GOTTMAN INSTITUTE. Relationship conflict resolution. Seattle, [2024]. Disponível em: <https://www.gottman.com/conflict-resolution-relationship/>
- GOTTMAN INSTITUTE. Small things often create secure attachments: an interview with Amir Levine, M.D. The Gottman Relationship Blog, Seattle, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.gottman.com/blog/small-things-often-create-secure-attachments-interview-amir-levine-m-d/>
- INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED THERAPY (ICEEFT). [Site institucional]. Ottawa, [2024]. Disponível em: <https://iceeft.com/>
- JOHNSON, Sue. Hold me tight: seven conversations for a lifetime of love. New York: Little, Brown, 2008.
- LAHOUSEN, Theresa; UNTERRAINER, Human Friedrich; KAPFHAMMER, Hans-Peter. Psychobiology of attachment and trauma: some general remarks from a clinical perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry, Lausanne, v. 10, p. 914, 2019. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00914. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6920243/>
- LEVINE, Amir; HELLER, Rachel S. F. Attached: the new science of adult attachment and how it can help you find—and keep—love. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2010.
- MAIN, Mary; GOLDWYN, Ruth. Adult attachment scoring and classification system. Berkeley: University of California, 1984. Manuscrito não publicado.
- MENANNO, Julie. The Secure Relationship. [Site institucional]. [S. l.], [2024]. Disponível em: <https://www.thesecurerelationship.com/>
- STEELE, Howard et al. Attachment styles, social behavior and personality functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, Amsterdam, v. 146, p. 162-169, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.001. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6519050/>
- TATKIN, Stan. Wired for love: how understanding your partner's brain and attachment style can help you defuse conflict and build a secure relationship. Oakland: New Harbinger, 2011.
Dinâmicas e Interação entre Estilos
- AINSWORTH, Mary D. Salter et al. Patterns of attachment: a psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1978.
- BOWLBY, John. Attachment and loss: vol. 1: attachment. New York: Basic Books, 1969.
- GONZÁLEZ-ORTEGA, Eva et al. Adult attachment, conflict resolution style and relationship quality among Spanish young-adult couples. Spanish Journal of Psychology, Cambridge, v. 21, e5, 2018. DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2018.4. Disponível em: <https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/spanish-journal-of-psychology/article/adult-attachment-conflict-resolution-style-and-relationship-quality-among-spanish-youngadult-couples/52CF59948C4ED6B4E63EC1708010BBF3>
- GOTTMAN, John M.; SILVER, Nan. The seven principles for making marriage work. New York: Crown, 1999.
- GOTTMAN INSTITUTE. Relationship conflict resolution. Seattle, [2024]. Disponível em: <https://www.gottman.com/conflict-resolution-relationship/>
- GOTTMAN INSTITUTE. Small things often create secure attachments: an interview with Amir Levine, M.D. The Gottman Relationship Blog, Seattle, 2021. Disponível em: <https://www.gottman.com/blog/small-things-often-create-secure-attachments-interview-amir-levine-m-d/>
- HAZAN, Cindy; SHAVER, Phillip R. Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, v. 52, n. 3, p. 511-524, 1987. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.511. Disponível em: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3572722/>
- INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR EXCELLENCE IN EMOTIONALLY FOCUSED THERAPY (ICEEFT). [Site institucional]. Ottawa, [2024]. Disponível em: <https://iceeft.com/>
- JOHNSON, Sue. Hold me tight: seven conversations for a lifetime of love. New York: Little, Brown, 2008.
- LEVINE, Amir; HELLER, Rachel S. F. Attached: the new science of adult attachment and how it can help you find—and keep—love. New York: TarcherPerigee, 2010.
- LOZANO, Elizabeth B. et al. Dyadic effects of attachment and relationship functioning. Personal Relationships, Hoboken, v. 28, n. 4, p. 881-903, 2021. Disponível em: <https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/dyadic-effects-of-attachment-and-relationship-functioning/>
- MIKULINCER, Mario; SHAVER, Phillip R. Attachment theory, individual psychodynamics, and relationship functioning. In: VANGELISTI, Anita L.; PERLMAN, Daniel (ed.). The Cambridge handbook of personal relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. p. 251-271. Disponível em: <https://adultattachment.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/66/2015/09/Shaver_2006_Attachment-theory-individual-psychodynamics-and-relationship-functioning.pdf>
- PALANIAPPAN, Meenakshi. Conflict resolution and attachment security: long distance versus geographically close romantic relationships. 2014. Dissertação (Mestrado) – University of San Francisco, San Francisco, 2014. Disponível em: <https://repository.usfca.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1010&context=artsci_stu>
- POWERS, Sally I. et al. Spouses' attachment pairings predict neuroendocrine, behavioral, and psychological responses to marital conflict. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Washington, v. 90, n. 6, p. 953-969, 2006. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.90.6.953. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4076153/>
- SANTONA, Alessandra et al. Emotion regulation unveiled through the categorical lens of attachment. Frontiers in Psychology, Lausanne, v. 15, p. 1385629, 2024. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1385629. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11056069/>
- SIMPSON, Jeffry A.; OVERALL, Nickola C. Theoretical boundary conditions of partner buffering in romantic relationships. Psychological Review, Washington, v. 127, n. 6, p. 1037-1057, 2020. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000201. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7558565/>
- SIMPSON, Jeffry A.; RHOLES, W. Steven. Adult attachment, stress, and romantic relationships. Current Opinion in Psychology, Amsterdam, v. 13, p. 19-24, 2017. DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.04.006. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4845754/>
- STEELE, Howard et al. Attachment styles, social behavior and personality functioning. Personality and Individual Differences, Amsterdam, v. 146, p. 162-169, 2019. DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.04.001. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6519050/>
- TATKIN, Stan. Wired for love: how understanding your partner's brain and attachment style can help you defuse conflict and build a secure relationship. Oakland: New Harbinger, 2011.
- VOLLMANN, Manja et al. The attachment dynamic: dyadic patterns of anxiety and avoidance in relationship functioning. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, London, v. 38, n. 10, p. 2863-2884, 2021. DOI: 10.1177/02654075211021598. Disponível em: <https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8336265/>
Metodologia e Instrumentos de Avaliação
- BARTHOLOMEW, K.; HOROWITZ, L. M. Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, [S. l.], v. 61, n. 2, p. 226–244, 1991.
- BRENNAN, K. A.; CLARK, C. L.; SHAVER, P. R. Self-report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In: SIMPSON, J. A.; RHOLES, W. S. (ed.). Attachment theory and close relationships. New York: Guilford Press, 1998. p. 46–76.
- PAIVA, C. A.; FIGUEIREDO, B. Study of validation of the Portuguese version of the inventory «Experiences in Close Relationships». Interpersona: An International Journal on Personal Relationships, [S. l.], v. 4, n. 2, p. 1-18, 2010. Disponível em: <https://doi.org/10.5964/ijpr.v4i2.51>
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Thiago Sian Andriolo
Sou psicólogo formado pela UNESP (Universidade Estadual Paulista) e atuo na área clínica como psicoterapeuta.
Percebi, nos inúmeros atendimentos realizados em meu consultório e ao responder caixinhas do Instagram, que a maior parte dos sofrimentos que as pessoas enfrentam em seus relacionamentos são causados por apegos inseguros.
Articulando diferentes abordagens, ajudei e continuo ajudando muitas pessoas a se recuperarem de suas feridas de apego inseguro e a desenvolverem seu apego seguro, descobrindo novas maneiras de se relacionar consigo mesmas e de se conectar com outras pessoas.